Problem of Rising Higher Education Costs

Problem of Rising Higher Education Costs Today, the problem of rising costs of higher education evokes heat debate among the public and policy-makers. In actuality, the high costs of higher education become an unsurpassable barrier for many students living in poverty-stricken neighborhoods and belonging to low-income families. In this respect, specialists (Breneman Finney, 1997) argue that students should have an opportunity to carry on their education in college depending on their academic skills and potential rather than on their financial position, social status, or other factors, such as cultural background or race. First of all, specialists argue that the public funding is ineffective (Cabrera, Norn, Castaneda, 1992). The state and federal funds are used ineffectively, whereas the quality of the public education remains extremely low, especially compared to private education. As a result students graduating from public schools have fewer opportunities to enter and succeed in college compared to students graduating from private schools. Furthermore, costs of higher education are unaffordable for many students (Heller, 1997). Today, costs of college education keep growing and students cannot afford paying for their college education, whereas educating children becomes an unaffordable burden for many families. As a result social gaps widens that leads to the exclusion of students from low-income families belonging to lower classes from the college education (McDonough, 1997). In fact, the costs of college education becomes the barrier preventing students from low-income families from entering. In addition, many specialists argue that racial gaps also widen depriving minority students of the possibility to obtain the college education (Freeman, 1997). In this regard, African Americans and other minority students are in a disadvantageous position. In spite of existing programs for minority students as well as for low-income students, they are ineffective and social and racial gaps persist. In this regard, the high costs of tuition is one of the major factors that put students in an unequal position and prevent them from equal access to college education (Kaltenbaugh, John, Starkey, 1999). In such a way, many students need the assistance from the part of the state and federal agencies to afford college education. Finally, cultural differences also affect the availability of college education along with the high costs of college education (McDonough, 1998). Some students are not prepared to pay high costs for college education, even if they can afford it, because of their cultural traditions. However, cultural differences are probably the least significant compared to the high costs of college education and tuition. In addition, the high costs of living increase the costs of college education. In such a situation, a considerable part of students from low-income families is just left aside of college education. Proposal for Position Obviously, the lack of access to college education for students from low-income families and from minorities is dangerous for the further development of the US society. Widening gaps between students and the lack of access to college education will lead to social and racial conflicts in the US society. In such a situation, the government should develop effective state and federal aid programs which can provide all students with equal opportunities to access the college education and to obtain their higher education to realize their full potential. On the other hand, the main problem is the effective use of public funds. In this respect, the community control can be an effective measure that provides students in need with better opportunities to obtain college education. In fact, local community members know better than state or federal authorities which students need aid and local communities should have an opportunity to use public funds to aid students in need. Therefore, public fu nds should be redistributed at the local level to provide students in need with essential financial aid to continue their education and to enter colleges. Jessica Willbanks Annotated Bibliography Professor Grower English 112 20 March 2011 Breneman, D., Finney, J. (1997). The changing landscape: Higher education finance in the 1990s. In P. M. Callan J. E. Finney (Eds.), Public and private financing of higher education. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. The authors focus on funding of the higher education. The authors distinguish private and public sources of funding stressing that the public funding is not always effective and deprives many students of the possibility to obtain higher education. Cabrera, A. F. (1994). Logistic regression analysis in higher education: An applied perspective. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, 10, New York: Agathon. The author explores the development of the higher education and its future prospects. The author arrives to the conclusion that education will shift to higher costs and wider use of information technologies. Cabrera, A. F., Norn, A., Castaneda, M. B. (1992). The role of finances in the persistence process: A structural model. Research in Higher Education, 33, 57 1-593. The authors reveal existing models of funding of college education, uncovering persisting gaps between low-income students and students from upper-classes. The existing structure of the college education and its funding is ineffective and widens gaps between students. Cabrera, A. F., Nora, A., Castaneda, M. B. (1993). College persistence: Structural equations modeling test of an integrated model of student retention. Journal of Higher Education, 64, 123-139. The authors attempt to elaborate an efficient model of the assessment of effectiveness of funding college education and costs of college education. Freeman, K. (1997). Increasing African Americans participation in higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 68, 523-550. The author focuses on the problem of the lack of access of African American students to college education. The author defines ways which can increase the share of African American students in college education and open college education for minorities. Grubb, W. N. (1996). Working in the middle. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The author discusses the development of the modern higher education and education system at large. The author identifies numerous problems, among which high costs of higher education are among the most serious problems that put students in unequal position. Heller, D. E. (1997). Student price response in higher education: An update to Leslie and Brinkman. Journal of Higher Education, 68, 624-659. The author draws the audiences attention to growing costs of higher education and forecasts that costs of college education will grow even more. In addition, the author discusses negative effects of high costs of college education. Hossler, D., Schmitt, J. (1995). The Indiana postsecondary-encouragement experiment. In E. P. St. John (Ed.), Rethinking tuition and student aid strategies. New Directions in Higher Education, 89, 27-39, San Francisco: Jossey Bass, The authors explore efforts of the Indiana authorities to encourage college education. They evaluate critically state aid to needy students and suggest using Indiana experience in other states. Kaltenbaugh, L. S., St. John, E. P., Starkey, J. B. (1999). What difference does tuition make? An analysis of ethnic differences in persistence. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29 (2), 21-31. The authors of the article raise the problem of high costs of tuition, which becomes an unsurpassable barrier for many students on their way to college education. McDonough, P. M. (1997). Choosing colleges: How social class and schools structure opportunity. Albany: SUNY Press. The author explores the problem of the impact of social class of students on their education opportunities. The author stresses that students from low-income families have little opportunities to obtain higher education. McDonough, P. M. (1998). Structuring college opportunities: A cross-case analysis or organizational cultures, climates, and habiti. In C. A. Torres T. R. Mitchell (Eds.), Sociology of education: Emerging perspectives, 181-210, Albany: SUNY Press. The author studies the impact of the cultural background on students performance in college revealing differences between different cultural groups. Paulsen, M.B. P. J. Edward. (2002). Social Class and College Costs: Examining the Financial Nexus between College Choice and Persistence. Journal of Higher Education, 73(2), 189-197. The authors reveal the wide gap between students belonging to different social classes. The authors argue that social class is an important factor preventing students from or admitting to higher education.

Climate Change and Society Essay

Topic : In considering solutions to the problem of global warming, state whether you agree with the statement by Tickell ((1996), in Houghton, Chapter 8 p.253) â€Å"Mostly we know what to do but we lack the will to do it†. Give reasoned arguments in support of your opinion. Global warming is the topic that increasingly occuipies the attention of world. Is it really happening? If so, how much of it is due to human activities? After realising the situation, has the public aware of it and contribute enough effort in combating the problem? This essay argues that in cosidering solutions to the problem of global warming, whether it contradicts with the statement â€Å" Mostly we know what to do but we lack the will to do it.† I believe that this comment can accurately describe the situation and i would like to give reasons to support my stance in four regarding areas: knowledge , attitude, values and actions. First, public have supreme knowledge in recognizing the threat of climate change since the late 1990s and has finally led to acceptance of the global warming hypothesis, however prompt actions were not taken within the public nor the society with the full awareness of the situation. As Mark Maslin( 2008 ) stated: It was not until the early 1980s, when the global annual mean temperature curve started to increase, that the global cooling scenario was questioned. By the late 1980s, the global annual mean temperature curve rose so steeply that all the dormant evidence from the late 1950s and 1960s was given prominence and the global warming theory was in full swing. However, the upturn in the global annual mean temperature data was not the sole reason for the appearance of the global warming issue. In the late 1970s and 1980s, there were significant advances in global climate modelling and a marked improvement in our understanding of past climates. Development in  general circulation models (GCMs) during this period included taking into account the role of particles and clouds in affecting the global climate. Despite the cooling effect thought to be associated with particle pollution, the new ocean- atmosphere coupled GCM tools emerged with revised and higher estimates of the warming that would be associated with a doubling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. After that, GCMs continued to improve and the numbers of scientific teams working on such models increased over the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of the study of palaeoclimate, during the 1980s there was also an intense drive to understand how and why past climate changed. All in all, the public and society had already gained enough recognition to the problem long ago. Furthermore, intense media interest throughout the late 1980s and 1990s contribute to the reason why global warming hypothesis was widely accepted and spread in the society. Second, people’s attitudes are also selfsh. Many recognise this lack of will to act as a spiritual problem that we are too obsessed with the material and fail to act according to generally accepted values if it cost to ourselves or if it is concerned with the future rather than the present. We are only too aware of the strong temptations we experience at both the personal and national levels to use world’s resources to satisfy our needs and greediness. The society holds different attitudes towards different issues. One of the main attitudes is equlity. In our world community, human beings are not all equal. Reality is full of inequities of many kinds. In the context of global warming, because it is long term and global, two equity issues are particularly important. In one hand, it is our responsibility to protect the environment for our future generations. However, this attitude is not universally shared. Once the problem would not become so serious in one’s lifetime, the longer we delay in taking actions. In the other hand, international equilty where climate change creates an huge challenge to the international community. The world’s developed countries have grown the wealth over the years from the cheap energer resources such as coal, oil and fossil fuels without realising the harm they did on the environment and the less developed countries. Third, environmental values in considering the solution regarding global  warming. What do we value in the environment and how do we decide what to preserve or not?As John Hougton ( 2009 ) stated: Moving away from science, we have already referred to values related to the environment that come from our basic experiences as human beings. These are also called â€Å"shared values† because they are common to different members of a human community. Forth, the effect of the action taken regarding the problem may not be the most effective. For example, developing alternative sources of energy. Many countries started to use nuclear power. 66% of electricity production in France and Belgium comes from nuclear power. They reduce the output of carbon dioxide effectively. However, there is also the problem for nuclear waste disposal. Other renewable energy eg. Solar, wind and H.E.P. have also been developed but the UK government blocks five wind farms since they will interfere with military rader. Large dams for H.E.P. may also cause environmental problems. For energey efficenciency, countries have try to improve fuel efficiency of cars, for example, sales of Japanese fuel-efficient cars in the U.S. markets have increased. And they have try to develop energy-saving transport, eg. Magnetically levitated trains, hydrogen cars or fuel cell vehicles. However, the construction cost of maglev is huge and the competition among maglev, â€Å"bullet trains† and airplanes is high in Japan. On the other hand, some countries have improved fuel efficiency of buildings through better design. In Canada, though the cost of an energy-efficient â€Å" R-2000† home is very high which is not very applicable for public. And the government has also controlled deforestation.Though countries give advices on forest project management, it is difficult to persuade the Brazilians to control the destruction of Amazon. In conclusion, human mankind has over exploiting the Earth resources over the past centuries since the beginning of industrial revolution. Great benefits are attained which makes people neglecting harm they have done over the environment.

What You Should Do to Find Out About Self Reflection Essay Outline Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About Self Reflection Essay Outline Before You're Left Behind Rumors, Lies and Self Reflection Essay Outline To begin with, if you wish to cover an essay, you should understand what you wish to attain. Being aware of what the essay is all about will provide you with a more concise thinking about what to place into your writing. Your essay needs to be written in a professional tone that's still your own voice and ought to be in the very first individual. While it isn't required to construct a reflective essay outline, we can guarantee that it's going to benefit the end consequence of your reflective essay. Among the effective methods to make writing easier is to get an outline. It is one of the things I used to hate the most. My decision to modify career goals inspired the self-reflection essay sample facing you. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. If you were faced with writing a reflective essay for the very first time, it would be of excellent use to receive familiar with the characteristics of this sort of paper so you would know what things to include in it. The regular reflection essay length will change between 300. Bear in mind a transition sentence at the conclusion of each paragraph produces a paper that flows logically and isn't difficult to read. To explain how to compose an essay outline, here is a good example of the format. 1 such assignment which you might end up facing a couple of times throughout grade school and college is the reflection essay. A lot of academic writing has the exact structural guidelines, reflective essays included. The very first thing every student should comprehend how to compose a reflective essay is a powerful, detailed outline. When writing any form of reflective essay, a student has an opportunity to explore, reveal and go over his personal thoughts on a certain topic. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Quality and Guarantees Sometimes it can be slightly hard to equate a low-cost essay writing with higher excellent writing. The same is true for a book. Don't be worried about the introduction to reflective essay pieces in the start. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Self Reflection Essay Outline If you understand, the essential features of self. Your essay should have three or more primary parts with each one of them divided into several components. My cultural heritage is quite intriguing. Describe this as the principal topic of your assessment in the introduction. Reflection is a significant part of learning. It shouldn't be hard because it's a mere description of what took place. The papers are lots more difficult to write. State in a manner that individuals can actually relate and understand where you're coming from and how you came up with the particular reflection that you've written. In a world full of intense competition, ideas are the best tool of a prosperous corporation. In order for public speaking to be a skill, there are a number of areas in which I will need to improve to make it an acceptable strength. All you will need is to request research paper help written by means of a specialist in your academic field.

Essay On Gene Diversity - 1015 Words

CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING: The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (the Protocol) was concluded in October 2010 under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity after many years of negotiations. This provides an international framework for establishing national regimes on Access and benefit sharing (ABS). ICC played an active role coordinating business participation in the negotiations and continues to coordinate business input in the process of national implementation of the Protocol. ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS: Both the diversity of traditional knowledge system on use of medicinal plants as†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ The ‘Recommendations at the Multilateral Level’ of the Expert Meeting on Systems and National Experiences for Protecting Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices, held in UNCTAD from 30 October to I November, 2000, noted that ‘exclusions from patentability of TK based products in one country, for instance, would not exclude others from granting it a patent’. ïÆ'Ëœ . In order to ensure that national level regimes for preventing bio-piracy and ensuring benefit sharing arrangements are effectively implemented and are not violated when use or commercialization of TK takes place outside the country, suggestions have been made by India in international fora under the aegis of CBD as well as WTO, that applications for patents should disclose the following:†¢ The source of knowledge and biological material; and†¢ an undertaking that the prevalent laws and practices of the country of origin have been fully respected. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF NATIONAL LEVEL SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTION OF TK ïÆ'Ëœ . It is quite clear that the existing forms of intellectual property protection regimes do not adequately recognize the rights of TK holders. National level mechanisms and legal provisions to prevent bio-piracyShow MoreRelatedWhy Are Living Organism so Diverse ?1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhy are Living Organism so Diverse ? 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